非凡的故事

在革命和改革e Early Modern Era

在16世纪，印刷机的出现如何革命性的科学和宗教

By Courtney Suciu and Simon Hudson, contributing writer

在1517年，马丁路德着名的九十五篇文字引发了划分和改变西方基督教的改革。

不到三十年后，尼古拉·哥白尼之后De Revolulatibus orbium coelestium(1543) introduced the idea of a heliocentric universe and helped trigger what is often called the scientific revolution and the beginnings of modern science as we recognise it today.

We explore this pivotal era in Western culture and discover resources for comprehensive insight between the advent of printing, the Reformation and the scientific revolution. Together, these materials add context and depth to subject areas more often considered in isolation.

When the scientific revolution…

“In the fifteenth century, printing was rightly celebrated as an astonishing technical achievement, expanding the range of texts available to Europe’s readers many times over,” Professor Andrew Pettegree, renowned British historian and a leading expert on Europe during the Reformation, recently wrote in anessay对于proquest。

Johannes Gutenberg在1450左右的机械可移动式引入改变了西方世界的关系与信息和识字的关系。一方面，它恰逢我们生活在天线中心或以阳光为中心的宇宙中的新兴的概念，由Nicolas Copernicus介绍De Revolulatibus orbium coelestium（1543）。

This revelatory work is often considered the trigger of the scientific revolution and the beginning of the scientific method, a controversial “new” way of understanding the world through empirical evidence, rather than accepting knowledge inherited from previous generations, shared only among elite and learned members of society.

“Part of what defined the scientific revolution was the shedding of the idea that understanding of the physical universe was to be gained only through the recovery of the lost or secret knowledge of the ancients”, as Simon Hudson, metadata editor for Early European Books Online explained.

“During this era, that idea was eventually replaced by a belief in the value of new discovery through observation and experiment.”

The latest collection (15) from Early European Books, ProQuest’s massive project to digitize and make books printed before 1700 accessible online, includes critical items that demonstrate dawning and gradual evolution of the scientific revolution in works by such authors as the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), hailed as the “father of modern science.”

“伽利略的成就许多而且变化，”哈德森说。“也许是最着名的，伽利略是批准哥白尼香港病情的先驱，并在他的审美方面偷偷摸摸地偷偷摸摸的公共防守Dialtogo Sopra我到期Massimi Sistemi del Mondo，首次发表于1632年。“

“次年，”哈德森继续说道，“伽利略被罗马宗教判决审判 - 这已经被认为是哥白尼的理论邪说 - 并在他生命中剩下的剩余时间下被逮捕。与此同时，这是DIANIALO.被添加到了Index Librorum Prohibitorum，天主教会的禁书官方名单，直到1757年才终于被举起来。“

天真度宇宙的想法不仅危险，因为它挑战了天主教会的教导，而是因为它出现出一种非正统的获取知识的方式 - 通过证据和观察 - 这是任何人都可以使用的一种学习形式。这挑战了教会的传统批准教义。

但在哥白尼的出版物之前大约30年了De Revolulatibus orbium coelestium教皇政治和宗教权力的挑战已经分开了教会。当Martin Luther着名（据受欢迎的Lore）被钉在Wittenberg城堡教堂的门口钉了他的95岁时，点燃了革命性的运动，并在天主教徒和福音派之间分裂欧洲。

... .met争夺革命

“在1517年，一位奥克林德·德里士的马丁路德在中等职业生涯中，不是特别众所周知的，成为教会的勇敢，弹性和直言不讳的批评者，”Pettegree写道。“更重要的是，他发现了一个声音，掉了一条短而原始的着作;在高戏剧和快速移动的时间内印刷机的理想产品。“yobet真人vip

这些努力激发了宗教出版的扩散。印刷使能力的出现是“复杂的神学辩论，以前被认为是一个封闭的神学家的保存，到一个远更广泛的受众”，“Pettegree解释说。

随着欧洲在天主教和新教教堂之间分裂，前者对传统的教义和教皇权威，而福音派在这种做法中批评腐败是销售的归类，其中精神奖励被提供回报。路德还教导了圣经而不是教会是神圣知识的来源，他翻译成德国人，所以人们可以为自己阅读圣经，以前只有在拉丁语中识字的精英。

Much of the ensuing public debate between these factions was carried out in print, which “brought the habit of book-buying to new generations of readers, vastly expanding the market for printing,” according to Pettegree. He continued, “Rather ironically, several of those who later made a fortune printing for Martin Luther were up to the eve of the Reformation heavily involved in the indulgence trade. Printing was a very pragmatic industry.”

While at one point in the early 1520s, the “writings of Martin Luther and his supporters accounted for half of the books published in the Holy Roman Empire,” Pettegree wrote, “Luther’s movement in fact did not export very well.”

One reason the Reformation was slow to spread into France, England, Italy and Spain was because many of Luther’s concerns dealt specifically with German issues which didn’t resonate with other parts of western Europe, the scholar explained. Another reason was the governments in these countries “took swift action to forbid the publication or ownership of Luther’s works,” Pettegree added.

He explained that “persecution of evangelicals was particularly severe in the Netherlands. To spread Luther’s words, and avoid prosecution or even execution, printers had to adopt very different strategies to the bold marketing of Luther’s works in Wittenberg and other German towns.”

早期欧洲书籍收藏15的这种工作的一个例子是对我们主耶稣基督的痛苦和死亡的一个非常有用的冥想。虽然它有“所有外表的外观，致内的虔诚文本”，允许它作为允许的文学传递，实际上它是由路德写的讲道。

“This modest work, with its comforting message of salvation, unlocks a tumultuous world of underground printing and clandestine distribution,” Pettegree noted. “In one respect this deception, the carefully non-confessional title and elegant woodcut, seems to have worked. This was only rediscovered as the work of Martin Luther comparatively recently.”

这本书还证明了阻止改革文学出版的努力是有效的。因此，这种材料非常罕见。“这种精致的小册子是原版唯一幸存的例子，”Pettegree承认了。

下载Pettegree教授essay了解早期现代时代的宗教出版以及早期欧洲书籍收藏15的材料了解更多信息。学到更多关于早期欧洲书籍。

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Courtney Suciu是Proquest领导博客作家。她的爱包括图书馆，识字和研究与艺术和人文相关的非凡故事。她在英语文学硕士学位和教学中的背景，新闻和营销。跟随她的@quirkysuciu.

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